Online Grading System Essay

Today, many pre-school, elementary and high school students in their school are not use an automated system in daily life. But there are so many schools are still using manual system. Grading System is the most commonly used in computing and analyzing the performance, talents and skills of the students and for achievement and assist in identifying problems of the student? It is the important record to keep even for the longest time for the referral and credentials of the student to enter their next level of attaining their goals. Grading System for Data Accuracy will help a lot in the part of teachers, school, administration and as well as the security of data of students and tract record that recognizes of one student, this maybe use for analyzing of your attitude and values. Based on our research, the school of San Guillermo Academy in Talisay , Batangas is using a manual computation of grades of each student, which the teachers are using Microsoft excel to compute the grades of each students and they have no registrar, just the adviser of their section releasing their grades. Manual computation is very prompt to risk for any circumstances. It is time consuming in terms of recording grades, computation using of calculator. If some records are lost, they never retrieve it in case of unexpected calamity. Accuracy and security is not been so defined. The proposed system in San Guillermo Academy is an Automated Online Grading System where it will provide in the internet and made by using database and web development. This Online Grading System is unique because grade in each subject that just need to be able to compute the particular average grades of the each student. It consist of an office of the registrar where all the grades of each student in San Guillermo Academy took place and the office of the registrar will take charge to release all  grades of the student. Having an Automated and Online Grading System for the said school will give an unique formula that will be use in getting or computing the grades of the students and system where personnel can encode the student’s grade. Using the different formula in computing of student’s grades of the said school is not accurate and/or different result in other student’s grades using another different formula. Thus, having an Automated Grading System for the said school will become easy, accurate and time saving for the Teachers, Personnel as well as the students. Background of the Study The San Guillermo Academy Grading System today is processed manually, it causes the teachers doing heavy task of computing grades every grading period. The manual Grading System in San Guillermo Academy slows down the processing and delaying submission of grades as well as the security of data of the students has not been defined in manual system. The computerized grading system will benefit the school and help the students to view their grades every examination period. The rapid advancement of computers in our society has made our daily workloads easier and more accurate. With its vast development, we need to set ourselves in its change and go with its flow. Statement of the problem 1. Is automated grading system can retrieve any student records than manual grading system? 2. Is Manual grading system gives more accurate, efficiency and easy to use than the automated grading system? 3. Is manual grading system makes the task easier and less consuming of time than the automated grading system? 4. Is there any significance between the manual grading systems to the automated grading system?

The Worst Hard Time

In this work of non-fiction Timothy Egan expresses his wish for sounder government policy to avoid natural disasters. Egan’s The Worst Hard Time is a harrowing tale about farmers who decided to stay on the plains stretching across Texas’ panhandle, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Colorado during the major drought in the 1930’s. The disaster, known as the Dust Bowl, is largely regarded as a human caused problem. Egan, who is a national correspondent on environmental issues for the New York Times, expertly incorporates historical facts from the time with real accounts from those who stayed.Although Egan sees farming as the direct cause of the drought, winds, and dust, he portrays his characters as hardy entrepreneurs who were duped onto unsustainable farm-land. These individuals, who were known as â€Å"Sod-busters†, started moving into the area during the 1800s when federal government was selling land for next to nothing. They quickly tore up huge regions of rece ntly settled grass-land to plant wheat. This quick change in topography caused high winds to blow off top soil that had been accumulating over millennia.High temperatures and dust storms ravaged the area killing animals and humans in its wake for most of the ‘30s. On April 14, 1935 the region saw its worst dust storm which rained more than 300,000 tons of dirt and dust. This day became known as Black Sunday because those who witnessed it said it blotted out the sun. The dry grass became fuel for praire fires that were sparked by lightning. Swarms of grasshoppers and rabbits plagued the region. In one story Egan describes a story in which the bunnies are brutally beaten while they’re assailants are still dressed in the Sunday best.The worst effect was the endless wind and dust. One young mother, Hazel Shaw, lost her baby daughter and grandmother within hours of each other to dust pneumonia. Using personal stories such as this, Egan tries to point out that this disaster c ould have been prevented with more cautious government policy. Egan portrays his characters as innocent victims of railroad companies and the government. However, as the situation got worse no one told them that their promises where founded on speculation.Egan describes how Germans, who had been lured to Russia by Catherine the Great to serve as a human buffer from the Turks, headed for the American plains when her promise of free land and no taxes was found to be false. One such man was George Ehrilich. He didn’t â€Å"flee the czar's army, survive a hurricane at sea and live through homegrown hatred caused by the Great War just to abandon 160 acres of Oklahoma that belonged to him and his 10 American-born children†. In stories like this Egan portrays his characters as resilient and even stubborn. To survive they did what they had to do but did not give up on their dreams.Egan follows the stories of families that move into new lands in the region that rarely turned ou t worthwhile. In one story a family moves to an inhospitable area after grueling journey. Upon arrival their horses fell over dead and their owners were forced to drink the blood from a sows ear to stay alive. Egan expertly incorporates facts and vivid stories to gain sympathy for hard working Americans and reveal the root cause of the Dust Bowl. Hopefully Egan can reach enough people that control government policy to prevent another catastrophe like the Dust Bowl. The worst hard time What lessons, If any, have we learned from the dust bowl catastrophe-?about how human actions, well-intentioned or not, can lead to environmental damage? Is there anything comparable on the horizon today? 225). What lessons, If any, have we learned from the dust bowl catastrophe-?about how human actions, well-intentioned or not, can lead to environmental damage? Is there anything comparable on the horizon today? Drawing on more contemporary examples of environmental disasters or concerns, write a paper that explores how this debate continues to be timely or hat takes a stand on this debate. . According to the Houston Chronicle, â€Å"The Worst Hard Time documents how government and business with the best of Intentions can facilitate the destruction of an entire region. † Explain how this Is true with regard to the Dust Bowl, and then extend your analysis to include the relevance of this statement to more recent events. What parallels to current events do you see? What are the implications for our society today? 3. Watch the 2012 documentary film by Ken Burns called â€Å"The Dust Bowl† (PBS. Erg/sunburns/dustbins), and then write a imperative analysis of the documentary film and Jean's book. Note any conflicting accounts of the dust bowl or the presentation of events or any additions of details In one account that aren't present in the other, and then reflect on the significance of these differences. Do the accounts share the same purpose and audience? How do the messages vary? Analyze how the different medium and genre-?a historical book vs.. A documentary film-?employ similar or differing strategies to appeal to the audience and carry out their message. 4.As noted at the end of the book, in the section on â€Å"Notes and Sources,† Egan conducted the research for the book using multiple methods and by compiling various types of data. Besides consulting public documents (like U. S. Census reports), local public library collections, local ne wspapers, and other historical societies and historical sources, Egan also did primary research by visiting the High Plains and interviewing people who lived through the Dust Bowl. What is the effect of weaving personal stories and stories of individuals and families Into his historical account?What is the effect on you, as a deader, and your understanding of this historical event? Carry out your own project In which you 1) consult a secondary source on a local historical event (environmental, political, or cultural) and then 2) interview an older relative or acquaintance or community member who has a recollection of the event. Write a report on the event, followed by a reflection on how your understanding of the event and presentation of the report were affected by these deferent types of evidence. 5.Conduct further research on the political and social events coinciding with Jean's Dust Bowl portrayal Ђ?such as the Stock Market Crash of 1 929, the Homestead Act, the Hoover admi nistration policies, the election of FED, the New Deal programs implemented by FED, etc. Then write an analysis of how an understanding of the larger cultural, historical, and economic context can deepen our understanding of the Dust Bowl. As an alternative, you might research and write a project that examines the local context in Kansas, drawing on Kansas History resources (see the links at assassinations. Us/ dustbins. HTML).Or, explore, In particular, the political effects of the Dust Bowl. How multimedia project-?a website or video-?that integrates print, audio, video, and images to capture the multi-layered experiences of various families and regions portrayed in Jean's book, along with the multi-sensory experiences of the Dust Bowl. You might create a timeline or use maps, oral histories, photos, etc. To help convey the experience via a multimedia format. Or you might focus on a key event or issue, such as Black Sunday, dust pneumonia, static electricity, soil 8 | Face u I t y G u I d e erosion and conservation, etc. ND organize your multimedia presentation around en of these topics in order to deepen and enrich understanding of these issues. 7. Write a response to the question: â€Å"How is this book relevant to 21st century readers? † You might consider the most serious ecological or environmental issues that we currently face, and the responses and actions of individuals, communities, activists, and governments. Or, as a group collaborative project, define an ecological or environmental problem, and outline a proposal or solution that might address the problem. Present this as a multi-part paper or website. . During the Dust bowl, a umber of people left their homes-?a migration about which Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath is written. But most residents chose to stay. Write a response in which you evaluate why the residents stayed. Would it have been better to have left? Which choice would you have made? Use illustrations and examples from the book to support your analysis. 9. Create a class environmental blob in which you include discussion threads of historical accounts of environmental disasters-?such as the Dust Bowl-?along with accounts of current environmental events or concerns.With he purpose of creating collective action, include concrete steps that individuals and communities might take to address environmental concerns, and include links to relevant national and local organizations and community groups. 10. Imagine that the sequences of diary entries from Don Harebell in Nebraska (pages 244-48; 274-78; 294-302) were presented in the current day as a wobble or blob. Harebell, like many floggers, has chosen to leave the entries open to comments from readers. Write a comment in response to one of the sequences of diary entries. Harebell's last entry name in the form of a poem (page 302).Analyze the significance of that poem, or write a response to that in the form off blob entry. 11. Jean's historical account incorporates multiple disciplinary perspectives ranging across the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. While the environmental perspective is crucial to Jean's account of the Dust Bowl, he is also interested in effects on human psychology, family behavior, marriage, labor conditions, agriculture, the food industry, the liquor laws and trade, political systems, religious systems, economic systems, music, the arts, etc.Drawing on your own academic (or personal) interests or the subject area or field in which you are planning to major, look for appearances of this interest/area of interest in the book. What role does your disciplinary interest (or related interest) play in Jean's historical account? Or, if you don't see your area of interest or study represented in Cantor's account, explain what role it might have played had it been factored in. Links to further questions for discussion or short writing prompts.

Africa’s growing concern Essay

Whoever ignites the flames of hate has succeeded considerably. Hatred has become a way of life for many people around the world. People envy other people and create hatred to those of better lives. But no human being is prepared for what the African continent actually reveals. The persecution of unwanted individuals is prevalent in this part of the earth. Poverty hounds Africa no end. The life there is very hard and disturbing. The place is filled with chaos and turmoil. No stability is in sight. The entire world is currently alarmed over the high incidence of death within its population. Countries over the years have pledged support to the stagnant economy of the African nation. All means of contribution have been given to the poor continent. But in spite of the continued aid, there seems to be no hope of rising within the nation. Africa has shoved itself into a hole so deep that the possibility of becoming buried is never a remote idea in the future. Men, women and children agonize over their situations. Food and resources are hard to come by. Thousands die of starvation annually. But more than that, countless people become victims of unnecessary violence. World leaders and governments around the globe have, time and again, met and discuss the events in Africa numerous times. Like a disease, the social demise of its population has been a primary concern for many nationalities worldwide. People are dying every minute. The media has played a vital role in revealing the abuses and brutalities of people. All eyes are focused on this place where individuals have disregarded the value of human life. The carnage continues, and will continue unless a swift and effective solution will be unveiled. There is a sense of urgency for the world’s leading governments to address the destruction of human dignity in Africa. However, in spite of the launching of countless humanitarian missions to solve the nation’s woes, death and suffering lingers on. Billions have been spent on relief operations but the social problem remains undefeated. The casualty toll piles up. The killing spree goes unsuppressed. And the rest of the world watches dumbfounded. It only shows that governments and its people are not doing enough to find answers to the African problem. Although food and the lack of basic needs is the primary concern among the African people, it is violence that must be silenced. Several decades of gun running and smuggling within the continent have only brought death to many citizens. As long as the armaments keep on coming, peace will remain to be an elusive and distant dream. The social instability in the African nation is about power. Individuals and their clans grapple for control. Gaining that momentum to hold every move in the tumultuous society means having the arms and weapons to subject everyone to their every word. The world is stretching its influence into every corner of the continent. But sadly, the troubled nation drives off the chance and rare opportunity to rebuild its communities. It is ironic that a very poor place can summon the strength to annihilate all intervening parties out of their motherland. Events are bleak. The panic button has been set. But with all the dangers and the deaths, Africans have little regard for the needs of their nation. Women and children go elsewhere to find peace. War escalates and the streets are stained with blood. If the world is keen on finding the answers to the growing social menace in Africa, analysts should dig deeper to gain a full and total understanding of the situation among its people. The United Nations must be aware to the motives and intentions of the African people. All along, the entire globe has only addressed the needs of the poor continent. The real reason for the chaos remains undetermined, and therefore, unsolved. Turmoil will continue to rob the African nation of its dream of peace and stability. With a disorganized crowd and a selfish government, senseless killings and looting will be around for a long time.

Project proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project proposal - Assignment Example So, considering the changes in the needs and demands of the consumers, the retailer has planned to expand its market. This strategy is basically a market expansion strategy that has developed to increase its market size or market share among all the competitors. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: A project is defined as a onetime process rather than an ongoing process (Pinto, 2010). Setting up the website for online buying will be a onetime process. One of the objectives of the project is that the company wants to create an online buying environment that caters to the needs of the target market of online buyers in Australia. In the period of first six months after implementation of this project of online buying facility the company would target to achieve an increase in the revenue of the retail store by 20%. JUSTIFICATION AND MOTIVATION: With the concept of globalization a large number of logical and virtual organizations have come into existence and these online firms have achieved great success in a very short time period. Thousands of new service organizations have been developed and are operating through their websites in the international market and are using their website to target consumers (Reuben, 2012). By analyzing the feasibility of the new explored market many big or medium firms have developed their online stores or websites to capture the new market with the existing product and services. One more important reason for developing an online store is the cheapest and easiest way to enter in the international market. The changing environment and consumer buying behavior have forced many retailers to have their online stores (Nielsen, 2010) and therefore Mensland has also decided to build its online existence through website development along with the physical existence in the Australia market. This is actually for those customers who do not want to visit the retail stores for buying the goods and prefer the buying from any place and goods can be delivered at their door step. This project aims to provide an easy shopping environment to the customers. The project would be helpful in expanding the market and it would be a great chance to increase the market share along with the market growth and get the competitive advantage. PROJECT SCOPE: The project started with the objective of targeting the online buyers of the Australia as the consumer buying behavior is changing with the passage of time and there has been an increase in the online buying trend (The Telegraph, 2012). For this project, the retailer would design the idea and concept of the website and then find any particular and expert team or individual that can translate the idea into an online store. Once the online store is ready and the retailer would start its online marketing to engage consumers from different parts of the world. The retailer will be looking to increase its revenue by 10% in the period of first six months after the website has been launched. IDENTIFICATION AND MANAG EMENT OF RISK: Risk is an important aspect of every project that needs to be considered (Hamilton, 2004). These risks are to be managed properly to ensure the success of the project (Morris, 2008). Major risks of the project are as follows: 1- The cost of the website development can exceed from the budget. Therefore it is important to have sufficient budget and ensure that the website has important features available at that budget. 2- Competitor can enter in the online consumer

Business Behavior in a Changing World II Coursework

Business Behavior in a Changing World II - Coursework Example Creativity is considered central to innovation, seen as a complex process. Issues surrounding knowledge diffusion and intellectual property rights discussed. Policy should align research (academia) and funds (industry) within a broad innovation policy. Organisational use of technology seen as means of improving social and economic conditions within the country. Costing of R&D is discussed, highlighting problems for organisational accounting, including long term focus and lack of outcome predictability. Annotation Several of Metcalf’s definitive assumptions need questioning. All developments are apparently driven and/or funded by industry, which does not allow for academic knowledge providing new insights from which innovation can stem. New technology is considered the basis of innovation, when existing technology can be used in different, innovative ways. Technology is assessed according to its economic value, ignoring the need for knowledge generation to enable technology cre ation. The distinction between science as academic and technology as practical is arbitrary and questionable. Innovation is seen as linear and cumulative, ignoring leaps in ideas and creativity generating new technologies. (196 words) Policy Reader Chapter 8: National Systems of Innovation Freeman, C. ... 1 pp.5-24 Overview Freeman provides historical context for the importance of local/national innovation systems, beginning with List’s interdependencies of resources and industry, science and education. List advocated state involvement for long-term policies relating to industry and the economy as national innovation systems. In-house R&D functions produced growth in research but highlighted the need for rapid knowledge diffusion for progress and the importance of qualitative and quantitative factors. Globalisation introduced nation variations leading to diverse outcomes and a global position built on local success. National innovation systems should involve policies for local innovation and diffusion and includes organisation and management changes. Annotation Freeman’s views, including the different histories, ignore the political effect on economics, giving different meaning to long-term. Long-term is relative and context-specific, not a national or global standard. T he process of innovation development is portrayed as logical and linear, which is unlikely. Using the past is no guide to a future which is already substantially different to 1995. Mention of economic geography links to Krugman’s ideas of free trade and developed and developing nations. No consideration is given to the social impacts of the dichotomy, nor the issue of potential exploitation of the developing by the developed. (194 words) Policy Reader Chapter 9: The Competitive Advantage of Nations Porter, M. E. (1990) ‘Chapter Nine – The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ in Suneja, V. (ed.) Policy Issues for Business: a Reader Sage/The Open University, London Porter, M. E. (1990) ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ Harvard Business Review March/April pp.73-93 Overview Porter

East Timor Research Question - East Asia Research Paper

East Timor Question - East Asia - Research Paper Example In addition, the real GDP growth was 10.2% in the year 2012, one of the highest in the world2. Despite all these positive indicators, it is rather surprising to see that the country is the third-worst place in the world to live in because of the high degree of poverty and unrest3. This work intends to identify the factors that prevent East Timor from growing politically and economically. An important factor behind the political instability in East Timor is the large number of actors and viewpoints in politics, making it difficult to have a coherent policy position. According to Kingsbury, the political spectrum in East Timor is divided into two broad categories; those in favor of, and those against, independence from Indonesia. However, these groups include a large number of actors and viewpoints, and hence, even now, it is difficult for them to have a coherent policy position4. Kingsbury believes this volatile situation is the reason behind the 2006 crisis in the nation5. The 2006 crisis had its beginning in the military of East Timor (F-FDTL). The military consisted soldiers from both eastern and western parts of the country. While easterners were the majority in the military and members of FRETILIN, the guerrilla force against Indonesia, the westerners were minority in the military, and were disliked in the army for their not-so-hard attitude towards Indonesia. In addition, there were conflicts between the military and the police force that consisted mainly of westerners and former members of the Indonesian military6. Slightly differing from this viewpoint, the International Crisis group identifies reasons for this clash within the political administration7. The then President Xanana Gusmao and the Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri were rivals and wanted to sack each other. Gusmao alleged that Alkatiri had ordered a hit squad to kill his political opponents, and this allegation was sufficient to ignite mass backlash in such a volatile

Diversity and the Island Nation of Tagg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Diversity and the Island Nation of Tagg - Essay Example The island of Tagg is a good example of a region that can be governed using a combination of legal structures. It is expected that the exploration of oil will affect the religion and the value system of the people of Tagg. The presence of the oil company has led to an increase in the population of the island. Moreover, the arrival of the oil company has resulted to changes in the societal setting of the island of Tagg. Gabbay (2010) indicates that numerous challenges have emanated since the oil company set up its operations in the island. The changes in the social, monetary and political structure of the island have to be monitored using various approaches. This piece discusses the legal issues to be addressed by the council of elders at Tagg with the intention of safeguarding the interests of the citizens. The recent increase in population is attributable to the arrival of the oil company in the Island. The increase in population is interfering with the value system of the people in the island (Marmor, 2005). Additionally, the changes are affecting the cultures of the people of Tagg. Initially the Island of Tagg was a homogenous nation that preserved their culture. Presently, the Island has become a melting pot of different cultures. The council of elders is finding it difficult to formulate laws in the island. As such, they are opting to replicate the approaches that have been effective to other governments in their territory. The council of elders is mandated to contain the challenges brought by the exploration of oil in the island meaning that the elders will adhere to the legal theories that advocate for absolute respect of law to avoid committing mistakes similar to those committed by authorities in the past (Gabbay, 2010). The elders will formulate laws that are in line with the societal principles. Legal system Authorities use common law in promoting mutual existence among populations meaning that the legal system that has assisted authorities in protec ting large diverse populations. According to Marmor (2005), common law allows for equitable sharing of national resources; furthermore, such a system punishes evil. It also preserves culture by presuming that a person is always innocent until his guilt is proven. Activities such as oil exploration can benefit the populace effectively when the council of elders in the island of Tagg uses common law. USA is an example of a nation that has embraced common law in their jurisdictions. Challenges like an increase in population can be controlled through restructuring common law principles that govern citizens’ relationship (Gabbay, 2010). Embracing the principle of common law does not interfere with the value system in a society since it allows the populace to influence the jurisdiction used in a region. This creates fairness in large diverse populations. However, the state has the absolute authority in formulating laws. It is the duty of the council of elders in Tagg to introduce t he federal system of governance in the Island for the advantage of the masses. According to Posner (2004), the existence of private property in a society determines the formulation of civil laws. A legal system that uses civil laws focuses on preserving the diverse population. Challenges have emerged in the society because of the desire to create wealth. Nations use civil laws in societies affected by globalization to preserve culture. Indeed, the legal systems that enhance

The Divided Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Divided Kingdom - Essay Example In Samaria which was the capital of Israel at the time, people fed on their children (2 Kings 6:25-30). According to Collins, for both Judah and Israel, the offences against God were: idol worship, religious syncretism, desecration of the temple with idols, a litany of social and economic injustices and moral decadence. All these problems persisted because of Israel and Judah’s failure to listen to God’s word which came through the prophets. Bad leadership may also have exacerbated this unfortunate state of affairs. All the kings of Israel were not faithful to YHWH, while the bad kings in Judah were Rehoboam (930-913 BC), Abijam (913-911 BC), Jehoram (848-841 BC), Ahaziah (841 BC), Queen Athaliah (841-835 BC), Uzziah (781-740 BC), Manasseh (697-642 BC), Amon (642-640 BC), Jehoahaz (609 BC), Jehoiakim (609-598 BC), Jehoiachin (598-597 BC), Zedekiah (597-586 BC). The good kings of Judah were Asa (11-870 BC), Jehoshaphat (870-848 BC), Jehoash (835-796 BC), Amaziah (796-781 BC), Jotham (740-736 BC), Hezekiah (716-687 BC) and Josiah (640-609 BC) (Collins, 75). Question 2: The history outlined in 1 and 2 Kings is a theological history rather than an accurate accounting of events because therein, the authors were interested in giving an explanation for the division of Israel into two; the reason for the captivity; and hope for the future, rather than an accurate blow-by-blow chronicles of events. The Deuteronomistic History clearly shows that both Judah and Israel succumbed to unfaithfulness to YHWH, and that total destruction of both empires was the appropriate punishment. Again, there are those who trace Deuteronomistic History back to the Babylonian Exile of 585 BC, as the place and time of authorship. The gravity behind this standpoint is that the authors of these books may have been written out of retrospection, and not at the time the actual events contained in Deuteronomistic History materialised. This is to the effect that writing from memory may not be as detailed as a writing which may have been composed at the actual time an incident happened. While this absence of much specific detail may accost the books in Deuteronomistic History, it is not to be misconstrued as to mean contradiction. Instead, details such as exact timeframes and more details concerning Judah are characteristically missing from Deuteronomistic History. Being in Babylon, the authorship behind the Deuteronomistic History may have written to explain the reason behind God’s people being in exile, in lieu of giving a blow-by-blow account on the details which built up, in the run-up to the Exile. In another wavelength, other theorists such as Thomas Romer, a French scholar, have come to see a distinct party of authors who may have had different views (Raymond, 130). 3: David and Solomon as Both Good and Evil Kings Both David and Solomon are remembered simultaneously as both good and evil kings because their regimes were marked with faithfulness and u nfaithfulness to God. The good exploits David and Solomon exacted emanated from faithfulness to God, while their negative acts were are a result of their unfaithfulness to God. David’s goodness is exemplified in the fact that he is the only king, who presided over a united Israel, transported the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh to Jerusalem, established Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, drove away Israel’s enemies from Jerusalem and Israel, extended mercy to Mephibosheth (the house

The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus - Essay Example The main conflict arises in the possibility that this design will be abused by others, thus also staining the justice system. The inability to execute judgment to someone who is guilty is also clearly seen by the law as one form of injustice. Habeas corpus petition are filed by convicted prisoners as a challenge to the validity of their conviction; citing particular reason that police, prosecutor, defense counsel or even the trial court have deprived the convicts of their Federal Constitutional Rights such as "the right to refuse to answer questions when placed in police custody, the right to a speedy and fair trial, and the right to effective assistance of counsel" (Roger A. Hanson,Henry W.K. Daley, September 1995). An article in the Duke Journal sees one unintended result happening with the presence of habeas corpus. "Modern habeas law is predicated on the assumption that a state prisoner seeking habeas relief is attacking the legality of his confinement by alleging a constitutional error in the decision that led to his incarceration. Federal habeas, in other words, provides collateral review of earlier rulings by state courts. But almost 20 percent of federal habeas petitions filed by state prisoners do not challenge state court judgments. They attack instead the constitutionality of administrative actions by state prison officials or parole boards, taken long after the petitioner's conviction and sentencing" (Nancy J. King, 2009).

Cultural diversity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural diversity - Coursework Example Social norm when inside the elevator dictates that you face the door and remain silent for the rest of the ride which is different from my current racial identity where we are allowed to discuss and even laugh inside the elevator. Other social norms of Americans include smoking cigarette among young adults of all sexes during parties. Compared to my racial identity, cigarette smoking is considered a taboo most especially to women who smoke. People raise their eyebrows and even avoid young adults who smoke as a sanction in going against the norm. Smoking is considered a deviant behavior. If partying is a part of American culture, in my culture it is considered a show off. To survive prejudice or discrimination and be harmonious with the society, tolerance towards others must be applied. Tolerance is an attitude of willingness and to consider without biases views opinions, and situations with which one is not in complete sympathy (Garcia, 1984). Being perceived as a desirable virtue, i t could be an answer to problems of the society including social discrimination. For instance, we need to endure diverse undesirable customs, beliefs and conditions under certain circumstances. In like manner, people who are tolerated must exercise tolerance to those who discriminate them.

Are Stem Cell Treatments Effective Research Paper

Are Stem Cell Treatments Effective - Research Paper Example The embryonic SCs (ESCs) are â€Å"pluripotent† cells which can produce tissues of all embryonic germ layers namely, endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The adult SCs (ASCs) are â€Å"multipotent† cells having the capacity to generate a limited subset of cells (Lodi et al., 2011). of The characteristic ability of the stem cells to renew themselves continuously for long periods and differentiate into specific cell types under appropriate conditions (Zhong, 2008) make them good candidates for cell-based therapies in regenerative or reparative medicine, especially to treat conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and several neurodegenerative diseases. Research on and application of ESCs for clinical use is a raging controversy. No regular human ESC therapies are available yet. According to the latest literature on the topic, the only on-going clinical trials employing ESC are being conducted on patients with spinal cord injury (Aznar and Sanchez, 2011 ). However, numerous trials have been/are being conducted with ASCs. ... The human heart muscle damaged by a heart attack does not heal naturally. The primary treatment protocol involves a rapid reperfusion of the infarct related coronary artery in order to curtail the ischemic area and reduce tissue damage (Lodi et al., 2011). Also, angioplasty is required to be conducted soon after, to effectively reestablish the coronary flow. A new strategy of restoring damaged heart tissue is through facilitating repair or regeneration of the tissue. Using ASCs as well as ESCs for heart muscle repair is, currently, an active area of research (stemcells.nih.gov). Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation undertaken as a major multicenter study for MI treatment did not show any improvement especially with regard to the echocardiographic heart function (Menasche et al., 2008) but improvement in the ejection fraction (EF) was noted (Hagege et al., 2006). Adult human stem cells therapy (AHSCT) could successfully improve EF without causing adverse left ventricular remod eling (Schachinger et al., 2009). Also, in a multicenter double-blind study, intracoronary infusion of HSCs into the infarct artery of 204 patients with acute MI following successful reperfusion therapy was found to significantly reduce MI recurrence restenosis or arrhythmia which are two major adverse post-MI cardiovascular events (Schachinger et al., 2006). Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells introduced with a catheter into the heart of 21 patients with severe heart failure in a nonrandomized, open-label study appreciably improved myocardial blood flow with associated enhancement of regional and global left ventricular function (Perin et

I Corinthians Essay Example for Free

I Corinthians Essay Epistles to the Corinthians, is the letters written by Saint Paul to the Christian church at Corinth, Greece. It forms the seventh book of the New Testament. In I Corinthians, probably written 54 A. D. , Paul rebukes the Corinthians for their quarreling and wicked behavior. He also discusses various points of Christian doctrine with emphasis on the resurrection of the dead and the power of love. In addition, he explains doctrinal issues, encourages unity among the believers, defends his right to be considered an apostle, warns against the teachings of false apostles, and asks the Corinthians to give money to support the struggling church in Jerusalem. II Corinthians Epistles to the Corinthians, is the letters written by Saint Paul to the Christian church at Corinth, Greece. It forms the eighth book of the New Testament. II Corinthians appears to have been written about a year later. In the first part, Paul defends himself against accusations of insincerity and denounces those who question his authority. He explains doctrinal issues, encourages unity among the believers, defends his right to be considered an apostle, warns against the teachings of false apostles, and asks the Corinthians to give money to support the struggling church in Jerusalem. In the second part, generally considered to be a later letter, Paul expresses joy at the reconciliation of the Corinthians with the church. Galatians A letter of Saint Paul forming a book of the New Testament. Paul wrote the letter to his churches in Galatia province, central Asia Minor. Most of the Galatian converts were gentiles, and Paul had accepted them as Christians without asking them to obey the Jewish Law. But Jewish Christians challenged Paul’s authority as an apostle and taught all converts must follow the Mosaic Law. In answer, Paul wrote here that he had been set apart by a revelation of Jesus Christ, and that the righteous are justified, or saved, by faith in Christ. In the letter Paul also gave interesting details about his life and ministry. This letter is addressed to unnamed churches in a region of Central Asia Minor called Galatia. Init Paul asserts that he is a true apostle of Christ, that he received his message directly from Jesus Christ, and that the church leaders in Jerusalem, including Peter agreed that Paul should take the Good News about Jesus to the Gentiles. Paul discusses the importance of faith and the wonderful freedom that people receive when they put their trust in Christ. Ephesians Ephesians is the 10th book of the New Testament. The book is a letter written by Saint Paul. The Bible presents it as being addressed to the Christian church in Ephesus, Asia Minor, but Biblical scholars believe it was a circular letter intended for a number of churches. Apparently Paul wrote the letter about 60 A. D while he was in prison in Rome. He declared that God’s purpose is to unite all things in Christ. The church is described as the mystical body of Christ. This short book summarizes many of the teachings found in the letters of Paul. A string emphasis is placed on the unity that Christians have because of the sacrifice Christ made for all and because of the new life God’s Spirit gives them. Philippians Epistle to the Philippians in the Bible is a letter of Saint Paul to the church in Philippi, Macedonia. Paul wrote from prison, probably in Rome, to the first church he founded in Europe. He thanked the Philippians for a gift, expressed his own joy during his persecution, told of his successful preaching while in captivity, and appealed to them to complete his joy by living in a way â€Å"worthy of the Gospel of Christ. † In this letter, he expresses his affection for the Christians at the church in Philippi, a city in Macedonia, and encourages them to remain faithful to Christ and to rejoice in God, no matter what circumstances arise. Colossians Epistle to the Colossians is the 12th book of the New Testament. It is a letter written by Saint Paul from prison in Rome about 60 A. D. In it Paul warns the people of Colossae, a city in Asia Minor, against heresy and paganism. Paul explained the nature of Christ and His teachings. He also explained the rules and ethics of a Christian household, asserting that wives should be subject to their husbands and slaves should obey their master (3: 18- 4:1). In this letter, written to a Gentile church in Asia Minor, challenges the Christians there to avoid the false teachings of a group of people who were encouraging them to give up certain physical desires and to worship angels and spiritual powers. Instead, they are to set their hearts on Christ who is enthroned in heaven.

Types Of Business Organization In The Private Sector Economics Essay

Types Of Business Organization In The Private Sector Economics Essay Consist of privately owned business firm or organization, which are formed when entrepreneurs decide to form a firm for the purpose of producing goods and services. Although the entrepreneur (assuming one person) is the owner is not the same entity. The firm (i.e. company or business organization) has its own legal identity that is separate from its owner or owners. The firm actually is an artificial person, and can make contracts, sue and sued, besides owning property and hiring employees; this legal identity is acquired when the firm becomes an incorporated association. The firm may have only one owner (sole proprietorship) or many owners (e.g. unlimited number of shareholders owning a public limited/ listed company), Sole Trader or Sole Proprietorship It is a form business organization in which a person simply sets up to provide goods or services at a profit. In a proprietorship, the proprietor, or owner, is the firm. The assets and liabilities of the firm are the owners assets and liabilities without limit. Business is one where a single individual uses his own funds to start and operate the business. As such, he is entitled to all the profits generated by the business, while at the same time is also responsible for all the losses that may occurs. The Sole Trader is often responsible for the day-to-day management of the business. No legal obligation to be made available to the public(i.e. publish) the financial accounts of a sole trading business is not incorporated business entity and as such the owner is liable for all debts of the sole proprietorship. Example: Sole Trader Business are: hairdressers storekeepers plumbers electricians PC technicians News agent Neighborhood and groceries etc. Partnership Partnership is unincorporated associations whose membership may range from two to twenty members. Partnerships do not have a separate legal entity. All partners provide the necessary finances for the business and will enjoy both profits and losses in agreed percentages, depending on the contribution of each individual into the partnership. Partnerships have unlimited liability and each partner is jointly liable with the other members for any debt incurred by the business. A partnership agreement is usually drawn up by a lawyer ( or legal council), which details the contribution of each part( in cash or in kind), the role and responsibilities of each partner, conditions under which the partnership may be terminated, distribution or compensation in the event of withdrawal of one partner ( termination of partnership) and options for handling intra-partner disputes. Personal names or trade names can be used as business names, and the Application of Business Name form must be filled in before a business can be registered. 4.) Private Limited Companies Private Limited Company:  Private limited companies are small- to medium-sized businesses that are often run by a  family or small group of owners. Most unlimited companies range from being small and medium sized. Most of the time they are run by family members and closed friends. Usually refers to privately owned firms and organizations with limited liabilities. Private Limited Companies are those shares (to represent shares/ percentage of ownership) held privately by individuals who are usually family members or a small group of acquaintances. The general public cannot subscribe (buy) shares in private companies through the open market (i.e. Stock Exchange). Private Limited Companies is restricted t by law and by the companys rules. In contrast anyone may buy shares in a public limited company. Can be found in most countries, although the detailed rules governing them vary widely. It is also common for a distinction to be made between the publicly tradable companies. A company that does not have share capital, but is guaranteed by its    members who agree to pay a fixed amount in the event of the companys liquidation. Charitable organizations often incorporate using this form of limited liability. Private Limited Companies is flexible form of enterprises that blends elements of partnership and corporate structures. The firm of organizations must work a legal framework which governs what they can or cannot do. The law requires for any new limited liability company to provide two documents: Articles of Association provide details on the internal rules of the company. Although the nature of association between members may vary, the Articles of Association must always contains information; the nominal capital when / how shareholders meeting are to be conducted. Voting rights of the shareholders. name of directors. how the directors are appointed. extent and nature of directors authority. how profits and losses will be distributed. Memorandum of Association provides details on the external rules and relations of the company by defining the constitution and authority of the company. Memorandum must always contain the: company name (must include the words limited). address of the registered office. statement of companys aims( must be legal proper). scope of its activities. amount of capital the company wants to raise. statement that the shareholders liability is limited. Private Corporations Companies registered under the Companies Act and Incorporation most common method that firms used to establish themselves a s a separate legal entity, i.e. only incorporated companies have a separate legal identity. 5.) Public Limited Companies Public Limited Company:  Most unlimited companies range from being small and medium sized. Most of the time they are run by family members and closed friends .They are only liable for the business up to the amount they have invested in the company, and are not liable for the debts incurred by the company unless signing a personal guarantee. And those that are listed on the Stock Exchange and members of the general public can but and sell shares of such companies. Owners of shares (shareholders) in such companies are true owner of the business. Whose operations involves many different business sectors ( e.g. several sectors health care, construction, property development, plantation, manufacturing, tourism, education,etc.) become a conglomerate and if such operation/subsidiaries are located in many different countries, then they become Multi National Companies. As their names implied means that the personal liability of the owners (shareholders) is restricted to the amount of money the individuals owner has invested into the company. 6.) Unlimited Companies Unlimited Companies Unlimited Company is where there is no limit to the members liabilities. It is a hybrid company incorporated either with or without a share capital (and similar to its limited company counterpart) but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited that is, its members or shareholders have a joint, several and unlimited obligation to meet any insufficiency in the assets of the company in the event of the companys formal liquidation. Companies that do not have any restriction on the personal liability of the owner. In the even of company making loss, then the owners will be liable for all debts. This may hence require them to sell off their private property and/ or possessions (house, land, cars, furniture, jewelry, etc.) to repay their portion of the debt. A corporation structure that permits a company to be incorporated and flew all profits and losses to share holders, an unlimited company shelters shareholders from liability in most circumstances except upon liquidation of the company. Shareholders or past shareholders that despots of their shares less than one year before liquidation become liable for the debts of the company. 7.) Multinational Companies Multinational Companies is essentially a holding company that owns shares in many subsidiary companies located in many different countries. Each subsidiary companies within the holding company will be subjected to the company law of the host country in which the subsidiary is located. They are usually connected by share ownership as well as managerial control. Examples of multinational includes: Shell, Citibank, Siemens, Nestle, IBM, Philips, etc. Multinational companies providing overseas subsidiaries, access turnover (Net Sales), produce of world output. Suppliers and the leading company in the wholesale distribution market and service industry. Do bring some benefits to developing countries. They provide jobs and increase the wealth of local people. Country gains some wealth by way taxes. However, there is some problem as well. The jobs all often low- skilled and poorly paid. Much of profit will go out the country, and the company may pull out to relocate in a country, where it can make greater profits. Primarily interested in making profits for their shareholders. Paying wages is an expense that the company will try to reduce to as low a level as possible. 8.) Conglomerates A holding company, which owns substantial shareholding in companies (subsidiaries), involved in different sectors.   Like examples sun way groups: civil engineering construction, building materials, trading manufacturing. Conglomerates are strictly diversified business interest in producing a varied and wide range of different products. And it is a corporation whose multiple business units operate in different, often unrelated, areas, management umbrella. In some, but not all, cases, the formerly independent elements conglomerates retain their brand identities, though they are responsible to the conglomerates management. . In reality, conglomerates are very useful to the public because support for the agricultural, manufacturing, and industrial and or services. For examples, the Rank organization own subsidiary companies trading. Question 1 Economic Growth is an increase of capital gross domestic of per capital product (GDP) other measure of aggregate income, typically reported as the annual rate of change in real G.D.P. Economics Growth driven by improvement in productivity , involve producing more goods and services with the same input of labor, capital, energy and materials. ( Mankiw 2007).Economist draw a distinction between economics stabilization and long term economics growth. Economics Growth is primarily concerned with long-run, short -run variation of economics growth is termed the business cycle. Economics Growth also occurs when a society acquires or when society learns to produce more with existing resources. New resources may mean a larger labor force or increased capital stocks. The production and use of new machinery and equipment (capital) increases the productivity of workers. Improved productivity also comes from technological change and innovation. Inflation is the increase in the general level of prices of product and services over a specified period of time. Inflation rate can be estimated by measuring the percentage change in the consumer price index, which indicates the price on wide variety of consumer products such as grocery product, housing, gasoline, medical services and electricity. Inflation can effect a firms operating expenses from producing products by increasing the cost of supplies and materials, wages can also be affected by inflation. A higher level of inflation will case a higher increase in a firms operating expenses. A firms revenue may also be high during periods of high inflation because may firm change higher price to compensate for higher expenses.( N. Gregory Mankiw 2007) Productivity is a measure of output from production process, per unit of input, like labor productivity typically also measured as a ratio of output an input. And also conserve of as a metric of the technical or engineering efficiency of production. In nations where workers are less productive, most people endure a more meager existence. Similarly, growth rate of a nations productivity determines the growth rate of its of average income. Productivity the average labor or output of a single worker is important to determine the standard of living. Most country facing a slow economics growth is: Former China, Greece and some Eastern Europe countries. Economic problems of every country are: Price Stability One of the key economics growth is to ensure that the price levels within the country is maintained with minimal fluctuations. Fluctuating price levels will create uncertainty, causing a wait- and see attitude among: consumers, who are ensure of buying now or to wait for the price to fall. Instead of falling, price levels may increase and consumers may then be force to forego consumption. firms, who are unsure of investing now since it is possible for the price of capital goods to also fall in the near future. Again, the price level may rise instead of falling thus causing firm to postpone investment since the cost is now higher than expected. Buying or investing at the wrong time may therefore create frustration and dissatisfaction among consumers and firms. On the other hand, continues increase in price levels although more consistent (i.e. everyone is expecting the price to increase) will lead to inflation and its related problems will then surface. Economics Growth faster than Population Growth Economics growth slow needed to spur the people and to improve their standard of living, which is determined by the ratio between economic growth over population growth. If a countrys population grows faster than its economy, then there will be a decline in living standards and this will lead to many social and other economic problems. The same amount of wealth is now distributed over more people, hence everyone gets lesser than before. Standard of living will also decline if the economic growth is slower than the rate of inflation. This means that the people will need to pay more for a similar basket (combination) of goods and services. Therefore, people with fixed incomes can buy lesser (or enjoy a smaller basket of goods and services) as inflation continues. c) Low Unemployment of Resources This is important to ensure that available resources (especially labor) are fully employed to produce more goods and service. When labor, land and capital are fully employed, more income will be earned (i.e. wages, rental and interest) resulting in higher expenditures among the owners of the factors of production (labor, land and capital respectively). Excess production may also be exported to other countries to earn foreign exchange, making a country economically stronger, in relation to the rest of the world. Countries with high unemployment will tend to have more economic and social problems, such as the following: higher crime rates and corruption activities (since people may resort to illegal means to get more money). health problems and malnutrition (since some people will not eat enough to eat or to have proper diets). D) Equitable Distribution of Income and Wealth It is important for a country to have a fair distribution of income and wealth among its people. The gap between the rich and poor must not be too great. The government must therefore practice an equitable resource allocation system deciding: what to produce? how much to product? for whom to product? Disparity in wealth ownership and distribution will also create various and economics problems. This problem results in low demand for products and services which can reduce a firms revenue. Even the firms that provide basic products or services are adversely affected by a slow economic because customers tend to reduce their demand. The potential impact of slow economic growth is reflected some company expect to experience significant fluctuations in future performance due to general economics growth. When economics is negative for two consecutive quarters, the period is referred to as a recession. When Europe is weak. Worker as laid off by firms and therefore have money that they can used to buy product or services. If economics growth slows the impact economic condition can spread quickly across all business. When condition weak some businesses are more affected more other than others. Nevertheless, most business are adversely affected by economic condition because the demand for product in almost all industrial declined( Markin 2007). Conclusion Introduction to Business is a subject in which a little knowledge goes a long way. By now i realize that all countries in the world have a government entrusted with the responsibility to achieve. Economics goals such as attaining price stability, economic growth, low unemployment and equitable distribution of income and wealth. Government today practice mixed economics system as it attempt to solve the economics problem that resulted from their inability to achieve the desire economics goals. Therefore capitalistic in nature with different degree of government intervention. As such, all countries have both a public sector and private sector.

Types Of Mobility For Mobile Computing Computer Science Essay

Types Of Mobility For Mobile Computing Computer Science Essay The development in last 20 years in the field of telecommunication and the integration of telecommunication with internet has promised pervasive computing infrastructure. These pervasive systems allow users to access their information on the internet irrespective of their location. In addition, the advancement in devices miniaturization increases the number of portable devices connect to the internet like mobile phone, laptops, palmtops net books, PDAs, etc. In these scenarios we can consider different types of mobility. User mobility, Terminal mobility, Mobile access to resources.  ¿Ã‚ ½User mobility requires providing users with a uniform view of their preferred working environments ¿Ã‚ ½ user preferences and subscribed services ¿Ã‚ ½independent of their current positions in the network ¿Ã‚ ½.[1]  ¿Ã‚ ½Terminal mobility allows devices to transparently move and connect to different points of attachment ¿Ã‚ ½.[1]  ¿Ã‚ ½Mobile access is an emerging issue that involves th e dynamic adaptation of mobile-aware resources and services that mobile users and terminals can automatically retrieve regardless of their current location ¿Ã‚ ½.[1] Having considered the above types of mobility, mobile computing needs an advanced infrastructure which should dynamically trace and relocate mobile users and grant coordination between mobile entities. The infrastructure should also provide proper security level based on cryptographic mechanisms and tools. According to the given research paper three mobile computing services have been proposed: user virtual environment (UVE),mobile virtual terminal (MVT), and virtual resource management (VRM).  ¿Ã‚ ½UVE provides users with a uniform view of their working environments independent of current locations and specific terminals. MVT extends traditional terminal mobility by preserving the terminal execution state for restoration at new locations, including active processes and subscribed services. VRM permits mobile users and terminals to maintain access to resources and services by automatically requalifying the bindings and moving specific resources or services to permit load balancing and replication ¿Ã‚ ½.[1] SOMA-BASED MIDDLEWARE SOMA stands for Secure and Open Mobile Agent. SOMA is a service infrastructure for developing and implementing MA-based internet applications. SOMA consist of 4 layers. As shown in figure 1: Figure 1: http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/Software/MA/Images/Mobile1.jpg The upper most layer is for mobility support which provides UVE (User Virtual Environment), MVT(Mobile Virtual Terminal), VRM(Virtual Resource Management). The next layer provides naming, security, migration, interoperability, persistence, communication and Quality of Service. The other two layers are a JVM (JAVA Virtual Machine) and a heterogeneous distributed system. SOMA is basically a JAVA based mobile agent which has been designed to provide the requirements of mobility, scalability, dynamicity, security and openness which are the typical issues in the internet scenarios. The two main goals to develop SOMA were interoperability and security. On one side, SOMA is based on detailed security model and provide a good range of mechanisms and tools to develop and enforce true security policies with flexibility. On the other side, SOMA is able to communicate and interact with different components of applications which are designed with different programming languages and platforms. Apart from interoperability and security features, SOMA is automatically and dynamically manageable and configurable and it provides the location abstraction to achieve scalability in a global scenario. The mobility of the mobile devices has introduced new security challenges like mobile can be hacked by the execution of malicious environment, may be cloned illegally to cause DoS (denial of service), or may be denial for roaming. These issues have been overcome in SOMA implementation as SOMA permits to protect both: agents come from malicious hosts and hosts from malicious agents. During the design and implementation of SOMA, number of challenges were faced to provide interoperability like SOMA application as server of COBRA, SOMA as COBRA clients, interoperability between COBRA components and SOMA, etc On the other hand, SOMA is a bit slow because of its extra security mechanisms, it involves different tools and techniques to provide more security which makes it slow as compare to other mobile agents but off course it is more secure than other mobile agents. As the name suggest secure and open mobile agent, its openness has introduced some more challenges to it especially for e-com merce applications so there is a need to improve it as nothing is perfect. Q2: All the MA(Mobile Agent) standards seem to be a promising platforms for implementing and developing applications in distributed, heterogeneous and open environments like the Internet. MAs try to overcome most of the limits of the conventional Client/Server model because of the basic features they have, such as autonomy and flexibility and can effortlessly integrate with the internet to extend accessibility of applications. Most of the application areas, like e-commerce, network management, mobile computing and information retrieval can benefit from the use of the mobile agent technology. There has been a lot of work done in this field. Like many mobile applications have been developed like we studies SOMA, there are some other application as well like SeMoA, Aglets, fraglets, etc. There are some advantages which all the mobile agents try to provide: Dynamic adaptation, flexibility, tolerance to network errors/faults, parallel processing, etc. Dynamic adaptation is the adaptation of t he different host environments. Tolerance to network faults means ability of mobile agent to operate without an active connection between server and client. Flexibility means to only source must be updated whilst changing an action of the agent. Comparing SOMA with other mobile agents, SOMA provides more security and openness as its name says. If we talk about SeMoA (Secure Mobile Agent) it has its own limitations, such as SeMoA is not very strong against a large number of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks like memory exhaustion. On the other hand SOMA has been designed taking into account security as a main property because SOMA protects both: agents come from malicious hosts and hosts from malicious agents. Another problem with SeMoA is that there are many classes in the core package that synchronize on the object of class itself. As local classes are shared and the visibility of local classes is global so any agent that access them and acquires a lock on such class objects blocks other threads to access them. On the other hand if we compare SOMA with fraglets which is very small computer program which has been designed to serve as a part of active network instead of a mobile agent. Fraglets have the ability to execute the codes on the path the travel by such as routers or hubs. Part 2: Q1:. Pervasive computing is a dream of personal computing where future living environments are saturated with non-intrusive, flawlessly operating services available for the user. To fully understand this dream these services are to adapt to the present situation of the environments, together with the economical/social situation of the user. Systems that use data about the state of either its system, users or the environment to settle in their behavior are called context-aware systems. Realizing context-awareness has introduced problems on different level: First, defining a context. Second, how and what can be adjusted when the context changes and where the context adaptation and definition comes from? Third, identify different contexts from sensor. Fourth, how a context can be represented and processed. But before that we have to understand the definition of context. The most cited definition of context by Dey is:  ¿Ã‚ ½Context is any information that can be used to characterize the sit uation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and applications themselves ¿Ã‚ ½.[1] Representation: Unique Identifiers: The system should be able to recognize different type of contexts and environments in the real world. Uniqueness allow the reuse of that information without conflicting between identifiers. For example, If the user is driving a car so accelerometer can be used to detect the speed of the user. Validation: Validation should always be allowed for an information taken by the sensor before performing any action with it. For example, if the accelerometer indicates that the speed of user is fast (i.e. he/she is in the car) this does not mean that he/she is driving, this information should be validated before performing any action. For instance consider the condition that if I am driving I cannot answer the calls so reject the call and send a message saying I will call you later. But if I am in the car but I am not driving than I can answer the calls so the information from the accelerometer has to be validated before rejecting the calls. Uncertainty and incomplete information: As almost all of the context information of the real world is taken from the sensors, the information can be incomplete and uncertain. If we include reasoning uncertainty of the conclusions should follow the reasoning. Simplicity, reuse, and expandability: A system should supply only as expressive representation as necessary to maintain the domain knowledge. A simple representation endorse reuse and expandability. Simplicity, flexibility and expandability are among the requirements of context representation. Generality: Generality of context representation means the ability to support all types of context information. In my estimation, generality of a context representation is mostly described by its conceptual structure. Nevertheless, the clarity of a representation language which is used to generate the context information also vary its ability to generate context information at different levels of complexity. Q2. Introduction WAP (wireless application protocol) is a protocol to offer mobile data services. WAP is an open international standard that permits users to access global information instantly through any wireless device mobile phone, PDA, etc. WAP is normally supported by all operating systems. Browsers that uses WAP are called micro-browser. The rate of transfer of data is still very lower than the normal modem. On the other hand, I-mode is a complete mobile internet service that includes a large range of internet standards such as e-mail, sports results, weather forecast, news headlines, etc. This information is provided to the user by particular services from mobile carriers who charge them for these services. As the rate of transfer of the data is lower than the average modem, i-mode is not good enough for high resolution images and videos, it is basically sufficient for simple graphics and emails. Protocols WAP uses Wireless Markup Language (WML) for communication. while on the other hand i-Mode uses a different type of HTML which is called compact HTML (c-HTML). Capabilities of Devices WAP devices have to have a specific WAP browser while i-Mode supporting devices have to be able to display data from c-HTML. WAP capable devices show only textual information while i-Mode supporting devices shows multimedia images. WAP gives navigation among layered menus while i-Mode gives navigation via hyperlinks. Architecture WAP makes use of a unique language called WML (Wireless Markup Language) for interaction between a specific protocol translation device called a Gateway of WAP (GW) and information on the Internet. The GW communicates between HTML and WML, permits supply of WAP content to a WAP supporting device. iMode obeys a dissimilar approach to allow users to access IP-based services via their portable device. i-MODE is uses packet data transmission technology, a machine using this technology is continuously online. The transfer of the data makes use of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Graphics: One of the most main difference that appears, are clearly the dissimilar graphic capabilities. While it is right that i-MODE only allows simple graphics, that is much more than WAP. Charges: Another main dissimilarity is the capability of being always-on in i-MODE. As consumer are not charged for how long they serve online, it doesnt seem more suitable, but also less expensive than have to pay for the time they spent online. As it is not needed that dial-up before using the a variety of services based on IP, E-mail has become an SMS (Short Message Service). Part 3: Q1:. In CCA the InfoStations system is an infrastructural system concept offering many time, many-where access to wireless data services sustaining the portable communication process. This concept enables a variety of classes of portable devices to communicate with each other and with a large number of servers. Intelligent agents operating in the portable device users domain (Personal Assistants-PAs) and the InfoStations help to facilitate a contextualized and personalized environment for the system users. System functionality is offered as a set of flexible mobile services. To assist the personalization of these services, the User Agent Profile (UAProf) and Composite Capabilities/Preference Profile (CC/PP) terms are derived to enable the Personal Assistants express capability and preference information (CPI) about both the access device and the user as well. This makes sure that the offered services are adapted to suit the device capabilities, wireless network constraints and the user as well. Behavior of infoStation: Because of the fact that nature of the connection is defused, it is important for intelligent agents to work throughout the architecture. Being a PA (Personal Assistant), the agent may function automatically in order to convince any user service needs they encounter, while in or out of interaction with other agents which are working on InfoStation Centre or the InfoStation. The service sessions may be divided between different InfoStations, the personal assistant can make a service call while within the scope of an InfoStation, and then go out of the coverage area. During this time when the user goes out from InfoStation coverage, the personal assistant functions automatically adopt the functionality of the service till the user has completed the task. The InfoStations houses the Discovery, Presentation and Rendering Self-Service module, which is used to establish connections to mobile devices which enter within range. Also housed is a cache of recently accessed user and service prof iles, as well as a repository of available services.[4] Q2: Behavior of infoStation Centre: The InfoStation Centre stands at the centre of the system, which deals with the formation and updating of contents/objects throughout the system. From InfoStation Centre which acts as a central point, service updates can be spread across the whole system. All the infoStations are connected with the InfoStation centre which acts as a server of these infoStations. InfoStation centre is aware of all the devices connected to the infoStations but it communicates with infoStations only, it does not communicate directly to the devices connected to the infoStations. For instance a mobile device wants to communicate with the other mobile device connected with different InfoStation then the device will send a request to its InfoStation then the InfoStation send this request to InfoStation Centre and then InfoStation centre sends the request to the InfoStation to which the receiver device is connected with. Q3: Bob[ Alice :: .0 ] | Alice [ Bob: ( hello ).0 ] -> Alice [ { hello > hello } ] Q4: Bob[Alice::.0] | Alice[Bob: (hello).0 ] Q6: Bob[Alice::.0 ] |Alice[Bob: (hello).0 ] |IS1[in IS4.out.0] |IS4[0 ]|IS4[in IS2.out.0 ]

Colgate Palmolive :: essays research papers fc

Colgate Palmolive With a continuous expansion in it's product line, Colgate-Palmolive is taking on the look of one of the most stable stocks on the exchange. Colgate has a wide variety of products sold around the globe including, Colgate Toothpastes, Speed Stick Deodorants, Ajax Surface Cleaner, and Hill's Science Diet foods for house pets. Colgate was founded in 1806 in New York City on Dutch Street by William Colgate as a starch, soap and candle business. Colgate produced soaps and perfumes or the next 67 years and then in 1873, they introduced their first toothpastes, which were aromatic toothpastes. Then 13 years later, they introduced the first dental creme packaged in collapsible tubes similar to those used today. After 104 years of being in business on Dutch Street, the largest tenancy on record in New York City the entire Colgate organization moved to Jersey City. In 1928 Colgate made its greatest merger of all time with the Palmolive-Peet Company and in 1953 took on its present name of Colgate-Palmolive. By 1967 Colgate-Palmolive was on a roll with sales passing the 1 billion dollar mark. In the years after, Colgate began acquiring major companies and expanding its product line with the purchases of Hill's Pet Products in 1976, the Mennen Company in 1992 and in 1993 acquired the liquid soap brands of S.C. Johnson. Before the purchase of Mennen Co. in 1992, Colgate Palmolive had no major presence in the deodorant industry. With the purchase of Mennen Co. they held 16% of the deodorant market but had to compete with Proctor and Gamble, who held 26% of the market with products such as Sure, Secret and Old Spice. After the purchase of Mennen Co., which was easily purchased without resist for $670 million in cash, Colgate-Palmolive held 16% of the deodorant market with their Speed Stick and Lady Speed Stick deodorants, which are now the leading in world wide sales of deodorants. They also now own products under the Baby Magic name such Skin Bracer and Baby Magic Foot. Powder. In 1976 , Colgate-Palmolive acquired Hills Pet Products Inc. Since the foundation of this company in 1948, they have committed themselves to the health and welfare of dogs and cats. Today, Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc. is one of the leading pet food manufactures and is revolutionizing the pet food industry with its Prescription Diet products used by veterinarians to manage such conditions as obesity, heart disease, kidney disease and many others. Hill's Pet Products also manufacture Hill's Science Diet food. Hill's Pet Products has not always been a success. When it was founded in Colgate Palmolive :: essays research papers fc Colgate Palmolive With a continuous expansion in it's product line, Colgate-Palmolive is taking on the look of one of the most stable stocks on the exchange. Colgate has a wide variety of products sold around the globe including, Colgate Toothpastes, Speed Stick Deodorants, Ajax Surface Cleaner, and Hill's Science Diet foods for house pets. Colgate was founded in 1806 in New York City on Dutch Street by William Colgate as a starch, soap and candle business. Colgate produced soaps and perfumes or the next 67 years and then in 1873, they introduced their first toothpastes, which were aromatic toothpastes. Then 13 years later, they introduced the first dental creme packaged in collapsible tubes similar to those used today. After 104 years of being in business on Dutch Street, the largest tenancy on record in New York City the entire Colgate organization moved to Jersey City. In 1928 Colgate made its greatest merger of all time with the Palmolive-Peet Company and in 1953 took on its present name of Colgate-Palmolive. By 1967 Colgate-Palmolive was on a roll with sales passing the 1 billion dollar mark. In the years after, Colgate began acquiring major companies and expanding its product line with the purchases of Hill's Pet Products in 1976, the Mennen Company in 1992 and in 1993 acquired the liquid soap brands of S.C. Johnson. Before the purchase of Mennen Co. in 1992, Colgate Palmolive had no major presence in the deodorant industry. With the purchase of Mennen Co. they held 16% of the deodorant market but had to compete with Proctor and Gamble, who held 26% of the market with products such as Sure, Secret and Old Spice. After the purchase of Mennen Co., which was easily purchased without resist for $670 million in cash, Colgate-Palmolive held 16% of the deodorant market with their Speed Stick and Lady Speed Stick deodorants, which are now the leading in world wide sales of deodorants. They also now own products under the Baby Magic name such Skin Bracer and Baby Magic Foot. Powder. In 1976 , Colgate-Palmolive acquired Hills Pet Products Inc. Since the foundation of this company in 1948, they have committed themselves to the health and welfare of dogs and cats. Today, Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc. is one of the leading pet food manufactures and is revolutionizing the pet food industry with its Prescription Diet products used by veterinarians to manage such conditions as obesity, heart disease, kidney disease and many others. Hill's Pet Products also manufacture Hill's Science Diet food. Hill's Pet Products has not always been a success. When it was founded in

gatjay Failure of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: Great Gatsby Essays

Failure of Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby A society naturally breaks up into various social groups over time. Members of lower statuses constantly suppose that their problems will be resolved if they gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many interpret the American Dream as being this passage to high social status and, once reaching that point, not having to concern about money at all. Though, the American Dream involves more than the social and economic standings of an individual. The dream involves attaining a balance between the spiritual strength and the physical strength of an individual. Jay Gatsby, of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, fails to reach his ultimate dream of love for Daisy in that he chooses to pursue it by engaging in a lifestyle of high class. Gatsby realizes that life of the high class demands wealth to become priority; wealth becomes his superficial goal overshadowing his quest for love. He establishes his necessity to acquire wealth, which allows him to be with Daisy. The social elite of Gatsby's time sacrifice morality in order to attain wealth. Tom Buchanan, a man from an "enormously wealthy" family, seems to Nick to have lost all sense of being kind (Fitzgerald 10). Nick describes Tom's physical attributes as a metaphor for his true character when remarking that Tom had a "hard mouth and a supercilious manner...arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face...always leaning aggressively forward...a cruel body...[h]is speaking voice...added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed" (Fitzgerald 11). The wealth Tom has inherited causes him to become arrogant and condescending to others, while losing his morals. Rather than becoming immoral from wealth as Tom has, Gatsby engages in criminal activ ity as his only path to being rich. His need for money had become so great that he "was in the drug business" (Fitzgerald 95). Furthermore, he lies to Nick about his past in order to cover up his criminal activity. Gatsby claims to others that he has inherited his wealth, but Nick discovers "[h]is parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people" (Fitzgerald 104). Gatsby enters a world where money takes precedence over moral integrity. Materialism has already overshadowed a portion of his spiritual side. A quest for true love is doomed for failure in the presence of immorality. Once wealth has taken priority over integrity, members of the high social class focus on immediate indulgences, rather than on long-term pleasures of life such as love.

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay

Practicing these three steps (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) helps us lessen the environmental impact that manufacturing and distributing products have on our environment. Reducing waste is the most effective 3 R practice, because it means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place – So there is zero impact on the environment. If we reduce what we buy and use in the first place and reuse wherever possible, fewer things need to be recycled and the amount of waste we produce will fall. The next best is Reuse, because it extends the life of a product. That item still had to be made but it is used over and over, reducing the need to make new stuff. Recycling in the end is the reprocessing of materials. It helps reduce pollution caused by waste and the need of raw material so that rainforests can be preserved. BENEFITS: We are going to give you some tips and practical examples how to save money, energy and the environment. 1. Do not waste food, make sure that you buy what you are going to consume, give leftovers to your pets or discard them in a responsible way. (Environmental friendly). 2. Grow your own vegetable, fruits, and flowers. 3. When you leave a room always turn the lights off – Do not forget to switch off all the electrical equipment’s, turn down your emersion heater. 4. Instead of using dishwasher, wash dishes by hands from the sink 5. Always turn the tap off when you wash your teeth. You do not need the tap running when you are brushing your teeth. 6. Instead of buying a lot of books, you can borrow from the library or charity shops. 7. Do not automatically get rid of your old newspaper; use it in place of paper towels to clean glasses and mirrors. Shred it to make packaging materials, use it as a fire starter. 8. Reuse junk mail envelops for your own mail. Just put a label over the see through window or if the envelop has a bar code at the bottom, run a black marker through it. 9. Do not dump water you use to cook vegetable; water your plants with it. 10. Use the public transport (trains, undergrounds) rather than cars to reduce pollution. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING: Recycling uses much less energy than producing new materials from scratch. This means less fossil fuel is burnt and less greenhouse gas is emitted. The vast majority of materials collected from your doorstep are recycled and used in the UK. This means less fuel is used to export waste and import new materials. Recycling helps to reduce pollution, Co2 emissions caused by waste and preserve natural resources for futures generations. Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the planet in which we live. It is so important to both, the natural environment and us (Human beings). N. B: However, recycling still creates some pollution because it is an industrial process. That’s why â€Å"Reduce and Reuse† are the most important of the 3 R practice. Did you know? Recycling Aluminium uses only five per cent of the energy and emissions needed to make it from raw materials. Each year in the UK, we go through over 1. 2 million Tonnes of electrical waste. (That’s the equivalent of 150 Thousand double decker buses). Prevention is better than cure as the doctors say. Therefore, we must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. We are going to conclude our topic with this wise and pertinent citation of Margaret Mead: â€Å"Never doubt a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. †

Social Facts

A. Social Facts Durkheim delineate neighborly facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These atomic chassis 18 created from embodied attracts and do non ascend from the mortal (Hadden, p. 104). bestride they whitethorn non come out to be observable, well-disposed facts argon things, and be to be studied empiric every last(predicate)y, non philosophic anyy (Ritzer, p. 78). They faeces non be deduced from pure rationality or thought, only require a exact of history and clubhouse in coif to observe their dos and attend the nature of these tender facts. In The Rules of sociological Method, Durkheim begins by noting features much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the pas m (quote 3) Social Facts.When I fulfil my obligations as br variouswise, married man, or citizen, when I execute my contracts, I per s as well asl duties which atomic number 18 defined, externally to myself and my acts, in law and in custom. Even if they accommodate to my own s en fourth dimensionnts and I get hold their verity slipively, such earthly concern is still buttive, for I did not create them I scarce inherited them through my education. (Rules, p. 1). As spokespersons of loving facts, Durkheim cites unearthly beliefs, currency used to acquire transactions, and computes such as the practices followed in my avocation (Rules, p. 2).These compositors cases of conduct or thought argon not unaccompanied external to the star(a) but argon, much(prenominal) all over, endowed with coercive power, by virtue of which they impose themselves upon him, independent of his respective(prenominal) will. (Rules, p. 2). part obligations, values, attitudes, and beliefs whitethorn appear to be mortal, Durkheim argues that these fixionate facts constitute at the aim of decree as a whole, arising from affectionate copulationships and homosexual association. They exist as a result of amicable interactions and historical developments over lo ng periods of time, and come from transfering incarnate mental representations and diverse forms of loving geological formation (Hadden, p. 04). As soulfulnesss who argon born and raised in a lodge, these accessible facts argon wise(p) (through kindlyization) and largely meeted, but the idiosyncratic has zero to do with establishing these. term clubhouse is peaceful of one-on-ones, society is not just the brotherhood of case-by-cases, and these facts exist at the level of society, not at the one-on-one level. As such, these kindly facts do exist, they be the favorable in truthity of society, a trus iirthyity that constitutes the proper bring of sociology (Cuff et al. , p. 33). The turn over of amicable facts is the distinct object or subject matter of sociology (Hadden, p. 105). Durkheim istinguishes tender facts from psychological, biological, or frugal facts by noting that these atomic number 18 well-disposed and rooted in theme sentiments and va lues. At the alike(p) time, he distinguishes the write up of hearty facts from philosophy by noting that the real effects of kindly facts ar manifested in external indicators of sentiments such as apparitional doctrines, laws, moral codes (Hadden, p. 105) and these effects coffin nail be observed and studied by the sociologist. The study of societal facts is thus a walloping part of the study of sociology. In order to do this, the sociologist moldiness rid themselves of preconceptions (Hadden, p. 07) and compress objective study which flush toilet concentre on objective, external indicators such as phantasmal doctrines or laws (Hadden, p. 107). all(prenominal) companionable fact is real, al nearly(a)thing that is constraining on the psyche and external to the actor. The neighborly fact is not just in the mind of the man-to-man that is, these facts atomic number 18 more than psychological facts. That these exist in society as a whole, over time, and nearlytimes crossways societies, provides some consequence of this. At the corresponding time they ar in the minds of individuals so they are as well mental nominates.Ritzer notes that mixer facts laughingstock be carryed to be mental phenomena that are external to and coercive of psychological facts, such as human instincts. The individual mental ground could be considered to intervene amongst loving fact and action (Ritzer, p. 105). Durkheim whitethorn not contrive provided a fit digest of the assumptions underlying, or the symptomatics of, these mental provinces. For Durkheim the study of sociology should be the study of genial facts, attempting to let out the causes of neighborly facts and the functions of these favorable facts.Social facts regulate human genial action and act as constraints over individual behaviour and action. They whitethorn be enforced with law, with clearly defined penalties associated with violation of the sentiments and values of the group. Sanctions may be associated with complaisant facts, for example as in religion, w present resistance may result in disapproval from others or from spi ritual nothingnessers. Individuals may be unaware of social facts and generally accept them. In this case, individuals may accept the values and codes of society and accept them as their own.Two types of social facts are material and non-material social facts. Material social facts are features of society such as social structures and institutions. These could be the system of law, the economy, church and mevery expectations of religion, the state, and educational institutions and structures. They could as well as complicate features such as channels of communication, urban structures, and population distribution. While these are important for visualiseing the structures and form of interaction in any society, it is intangible social facts that constitute the main subject of study of sociology.Nonmaterial social facts are socia l facts which do not swallow a material reality. They consist of features such as norms, values, and systems of morality. around contemporary examples are the norm of the one to three child family, the plus values associated with family structures, and the negative associations connected to on restrict and anger. In Durkheims terminology, some of these nonmaterial social facts are morality, incarnate spirit, and social currents. An example of the latter is Durkheims analysis of self-destruction. Social facts foundation also be divided into convention and pathological social facts (Hadden, pp. 08-9). Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and effectual social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life. Pathological social facts are those that we top executive associate with social problems and ills of several(a) types. Suicide is one example of this, where social facts ought to be contrastive. For Durkheim, the much greater relative freq uency of the normal is deduction of the superiority of the normal. Durkheim afterward modified the notion of a single embodied intelligence, and adopted the view that at that place were bodied representations as part of detail states of substrata of the collective.That is, in that respect may be disaccordent norms and values for antithetic groups within society. These collective representations are also social facts because they are in the consciousness of some collective and are not reducible to individual consciousnesses (Ritzer, p. 87). The social structures, institutions, norms and values that have draw part of the study of sociology force out be derived from Durkheims draw near, and to mean solar day there is little fuss distinguishing sociology from psychology. B. SuicideAfter Durkheim wrote The Rules of sociological Method, he tackled the subject of self-destruction as an example of how a sociologist arsehole study a subject that seems mettlesomely personal, wi th no social aspect to it flat be anti-social. It could be argued that self-destruction is such a personal act that it involves only personal psychology and purely individual thought processes. Durkheims aim was not to apologize or predict an individual list to self-annihilation, but to explain one type of nonmaterial social facts, social currents.Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some move of collective consciousness or collective representation have. They may be associated with movements such as enthusiasm, indignation, and pity. (Ritzer, p. 87). Hadden notes that Durkheim wished to extract that sociological agentive roles were receptive of explaining much some such anti-social phenomena (Hadden, p. 109). In the case of felo-de-se, these social currents are announceed as self-annihilation evaluate, place that differ among societies, and among antithetical groups in society.These rates show regulari ties over time, with reassigns in the rates lots advancering at similar times in different societies. Thus these rates can be said to be social facts (or at least the statistical representation of social facts) in the sense that they are not just personal, but are societal characteristics. This can be seen in the following quote (quote 12) Suicide rank as Social Facts. At to apiece one bit of its history, therefore, for separately one society has a definite aptitude for suicide. The relative forte of this aptitude is measured by winning the counterpoise in the midst of the total number of wilful deaths and the population of every age and sex.We will call this numerical datum the rate of mortality through suicide, characteristic of the society under consideration. The suicide-rate is therefore a factual order, unified and definite, as is shown by both its permanence and its variability. For this permanence would be inexplicable if it were not the result of a group of distinct characteristics, solidary with one another, and simultaneously effective in spite of different attendant circumstances and this variability proves the cover and individual quality of these aforementioned(prenominal) characteristics, since they vary with the individual character of society itself.In short, these statistical entropy express the suicidal object with which each society is collectively afflicted. Each society is predisposed to contribute a definite quota of voluntary deaths. This predis commit may therefore be the subject of a special study belonging to sociology. (Suicide, pp. 48, 51). Durkheim takes up the analysis of suicide in a very quantitative and statistical air. While he did not have acquirable to him very precise or slay data or sophisticated statistical techniques, his method is symbolical in cover how to test hypotheses, reject incorrect write ups for suicide, diversity through a great grade of ossible news reports, and attempt to contr ol for extraneous factors. Some of the factors that others had used to explain suicide were heredity, climate, race, individual psychopathic states (mental illness), and imitation. As an example of Durkheims method, consider how he analyzes cosmic factors, such as weather or season. Durkheim (Suicide, p. 107) notes that in all countries suicide is greater in the summer months, that no country is an exception to this, and that the proportion of suicides in the cardinal warmer months to the six colder months is very similar in each country.Durkheim notes that this has led some commentators to say the disturb ontogenys the excitability of the nervous system (Suicide, p. 108). just suicide may result from economic crisis as much as from over-excitement, and raise up cannot possibly act the same path on both causes. Further, a impending analysis by Durkheim considers temperature variations and shows that while suicides incr stand-in in number as temperature increases, suicides take a leak a peak before the temperature does. In addition, if temperature is a cause of suicide, warm countries might be expected to have more suicides than cold countries, but the opposite tends to be the case.A link explanation that Durkheim considers is that great changes in temperature are associated with suicide, but again he finds that there is no correlation amidst suicide rates and the fact of temperature change. Rather, the causes moldiness(prenominal) be in some factor that has continuity over time. He pastce notes that the rates are more intimately connected to the length of day, with suicides increasing as the days grow longer, and decreasing in number as the length of day declines. only if it is not the sun itself which is the cause, because at noontime there are fewer suicides than at other times of the day.What Durkheim finds is that the factors associated with higher numbers pool of suicides must(prenominal) be those that relate to the time when social lif e is at its extremum (Suicide, p. 119). The time of day, the day of week, the season of the year, and so on, are not in themselves the motive for the changes in the number of suicides. Rather, the times when social life and interaction among large number are greater, are also those associated with increased suicide. Durkheim concludes this department by saying (quote 13) Four Types of SuicideThe style in which social integrating and legislation work can be break off seen by examining the four fold potpourri of suicides that Durkheim developed. Durkheim ends his discussion of the organic-psychic and vivid environmental factors by concluding that they cannot explain each social groups item style to suicide. (Suicide, p. 145). By eliminating other explanations, Durkheim claims that these tendencies must depend on social causes and must be collective phenomena.The get wind to each type is a social factor, with the periods of integrating and prescript into society bein g either too high or too low. (The following discussion is gaunt from Ritzer, pp. 90 ff. ). 1. Egoistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that oversteps where the compass point of social integration is low, and there is a sense of meaningless among individuals. In traditional societies, with mechanical solidarity, this is not apparent to be the cause of suicide. There the dependable collective consciousness gives people a broad sense of meaning to their lives.Within red-brick society, the weaker collective consciousness fashion that people may not see the same meaning in their lives, and unrestrained spare-time activity of individual interests may lead to infrangible dissatisfaction. One of the results of this can be suicide. Individuals who are strongly corporate into a family structure, a religious group, or some other type of integrative group are less likely to encounter these problems, and that explains the overturn suicide rates among them. The factors leading to self-centered suicide can be social currents such as depression and disillusionment.For Durkheim, these are social forces or social facts, til now though it is the depressed or wo individual who takes his or her life voluntarily. Actors are never free of the force of the collectivity withal individualized a man may be, there is al directions something collective remain the very depression and melancholy resulting from this same exaggerated individualism. Also, on p. 214 of Suicide, Durkheim says Thence are formed currents of depression and disillusionment emanating from no particular individual but expressing societys state of disillusionment. Durkheim notes that the bond attaching man to life relaxes because that attaching him to society is itself slack. The individual yields to the slightest shock of circumstance because the state of society has made him a fast prey to suicide. (Suicide, pp. 214-215). 2. Altruistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs when in tegration is too great, the collective consciousness too strong, and the individual is forced into aimting suicide. (Ritzer, p. 91). desegregation may not be the tell cause of suicide here, but the social currents that go along with this very high degree of integration can lead to this.The pursual of Jim Jones of the Peoples temple or the members of the Solar Temple are an example of this, as are ritual suicides in Japan. Ritzer notes that some may feel it is their duty to commit suicide. (p. 91). Examples in crude(a) society cited by Durkheim are suicides of those who are old and sick, suicides of women following the death of their husband, and suicides of followers after the death of a chief. concord to Durkheim this type of suicide may rattling springs from hope, for it depends on the belief in pleasing perspectives beyond this life. 3.Anomic Suicide. Anomie or anomy come from the Greek meaning lawlessness. Nomos means usage, custom, or law and nemein means to distrib ute. anomy thus is social instability resulting from crack-up of standards and values. (Websters Dictionary). This is a type of suicide colligate to too low a degree of regulation, or external constraint on people. As with the unoriented region of labour, this can occur when the normal form of the division of labour is disrupted, and the collectivity is temporarily incapable of physical exertion its authority over individuals. (Ritzer, p. 92).This can occur either during periods associated with economic depression (stock grocery store crash of the 1930s) or over-rapid economic expansion. newfound situations with few norms, the regulative effect of structures is weakened, and the individual may feel rootless. In this situation, an individual may be subject to anomic social currents. People that are freed from constraints arrive slaves to their passions, and as a result, according to Durkheims view, commit a wide range of baneful acts, including killing themselves in greate r numbers than they ordinarily would. (Ritzer, p. , 92).In addition to economic anomie, Durkheim also spends time examining domestic anomie. For example, suicides of family members may occur after the death of a husband or wife. 4. Fatalistic Suicide. When regulation is too strong, Durkheim considers the possibility that persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions v iolently choked by oppressive subject may see no way out. The individual sees no possible appearance in which their lives can be improved, and when in a state of melancholy, may be subject to social currents of fatalistic suicide. Summary. Durkheims analysis of suicide shows the manner n which the social as opposed to the psychological and biological can be emphasized, and how it results in some usable ways of analyzing the actions of individuals. Suicide rates as expressions of social currents are social facts that affect societies and individuals within those societies. The study of psychology is still use ful in attempting to see to it individual motives and the manner in which the specific circumstances can lead to an individual deciding to voluntarily end their life. But an analysis of these circumstances should be set within the context of the social currents to which that individual is subject.The method of analysis of Durkheim should prove useful even today. In terms of suicide, the social causes are now well recognized, and any analysis of suicide would have to include these. Some combination of egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic types of suicide may help explain and understand this phenomenon. More generally, the method of Suicide is exemplary in providing researchers with a means of instinct the social factors that are associated with particular phenomena. Durkheim examines patterns on the data in an attempt to assure how social factors can play a role in explaining these phenomena.This might be applied to sociobiological arguments today. The trends themselves are not the ca use, but indicative of a cause, a social explanation has to be found. C. Conclusions about Durkheim 1. Contributions a. Social Facts and Social Aspects. These are real things that do affect people. He had a strong structural view of society, and the manner in which each of us is inclined by these social facts and how we must fit into these. Durkheim move to see a role for the social as distinguished from the economic, psychological and biological.This can be seen in his view of the social influences on suicide rates, where he takes a wide variety of factors and considers their influence on the tendency or aptitude for suicide. The effect of each of these factors is not a easy connection between the factor and the tendency to suicide, but must be intercede by social factors. In particular, the social factors that he identified were the degree of integration and the degree of regulation. For modern theories of sociobiology, and the influence of genetics, Durkheims approach could pr ove a useful counter. References Cuff, E. C. , W. W. Sharrock and D. W.Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third edition, London, Routledge, 1992. HM66 P36 1984 Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society, New York, The secrete Press, 1933. Referred to in notes as Division. HD 51 D98 Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, New York, The Free Press, 1938. Referred to in notes as Rules. HM 24 D962 Durkheim, Emile, Suicide A Study in Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1951. Referred to in notes as Suicide. HV 6545 D812 Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social system An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971.HM19 G53. Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992. HM24 R4938. Social Explanation. If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. To be sure, this greater intensity derives from the greater ease of development of social life in the Summer than in the Winter, owing to the suns position , the state of the atmosphere, etc. But the physical environment does not stimulate it this instant above all, it has no effect on the progression of suicide. The latter depends on social conditions. Suicide, pp. 121-122). While this is not a proof or determination of what causes suicide yet, Durkheim notes that the causes must relate to collective life and must be such that these time factors can be incorporated into an explanation. But the explanation must be social in nature, and cannot be simply related to natural factors, these natural factors must work socially, and affect some social aspects which are related to suicide. Note that Durkheim s method here is very empiric, and he searches through motley sorts of data and evidence to find factors associated with suicide.But the explanation is not simply a relation between these data and suicides. Rather he is searching for social causes or conditions that are expressed through these. That is, he uses data to discover patterns, but the patterns themselves are not the cause of the phenomenon. Rather the cause is social, and the observed, empirical patterns constitute a means of determination underlying causes. Another factor that Durkheim considers is religion. While he does find that religion is associated with suicide, in the sense thatProtestant countries and regions have higher suicide rates than do Catholic ones, religious doctrines are not an important factor in explaining these differences. That is, suicide is condemned more or less equally in each religion, and doctrinal statements concerning suicide are all negative. If there is a difference between the two religions with respect to suicide rates, it must be in some aspect of social organization that differs between the two churches. But if this is the factor related to suicide, then it is the social organization that is the cause of the difference, not religion in itself.Giddens notes (p. 83) that Durkheim finds further proof of this in other factors related to social organization, that is, family structure. Where there is more integration in family structure, the suicides are lesser in number. Durkheim argues that the most important aspects of social organization and collective life for explaining differences in suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. For Durkheim, integration is the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people. (Ritzer, p. 90). universality is a more highly integrated religion than Protestantism, and it is in this that the difference in suicide rates is expressed. That is, it is not the religious doctrines themselves but the different social organization of the two religions. As Giddens notes (p. 83), degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suic ides. Those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. Over time, various social factors also make their influence felt.Durkheim notes that there was a decline in the number of suicides in all the European countries in 1848, a year of revolution and political change throughout Europe. Times of political crisis, war, and economic change are also associated with changes in the rate of suicide. Each of these great social movements could be considered to be examples of social currents that have widespread impact within and across societies. Ritzer (p. 89) notes that Durkheim was making two arguments. First, he argued that different collectivities have different collective consciousness or collective representation.These produce different social currents, and these lead to different suicide rates. By studying different groups and societies, some of these currents can be analyzed, and the effect of these on suicide can be determined. Second, changes in the collective consciousness lead to changes in social currents. These are then associated with changes in suicide rates (quote 14) Sociological Explanation. The culmination from all these facts is that the social suicide-rate can be explained only sociologically.At any given moment the moral constitution of society completed the contingent of voluntary deaths. There is, therefore, for each people a collective force of a definite amount of energy, make men to self-destruction. The victims acts which at first seem to express only his personal spirit are unfeignedly the supplement and extension phone of a social condition which they express externally. Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, kind of its own, and the source of all individual inclination, preferably than the result.It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society under consideration with the tendencies to lang uorous melancholy, diligent renunciation or exasperated fatigue derivative from these currents. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide. The snobbish experiences usually thought to be the immediate causes of suicide have only the influence borrowed from the victims moral predisposition, itself and echo of the moral state of society. (Suicide, pp. 299-300).